David Hume´s Philosophy Essay - 875 Words

Hume’s Epistemology David Hume was a Scottish philosopher known for his ideas of skepticism and empiricism. Hume strived to better develop John Locke’s idea of empiricism by using a scientific study of our own human nature. We cannot lean on common sense to exemplify human conduct without offering any clarification to the subject. In other words, Hume says that since human beings do, as a matter of fact, live and function in this world, observation of how humans do so is imminent. The primary goal of philosophy is simply to explain and justify the reasoning of why we believe what we do. Hume is the creator of two different perceptions that reside in the human mind, ideas and impressions. Impressions are more simply put as the root of†¦show more content†¦Of the first kind are the sciences of Geometry, Algebra, and Arithmetic ... [which are] discoverable by the mere operation of thought ... Matters of fact, which are the second object of human reason, are not ascertained in the same manne r; nor is our evidence of their truth, however great, of a like nature with the foregoing.† (Hume) â€Å"If we would satisfy ourselves, therefore, concerning the nature of that evidence, which assures us of matters of fact, we must enquire how we arrive at the knowledge of cause and effect. (Hume) Hume says that a judgment of causality is fully built by the mind and that these claims are results of behaviors We humans have a consistent habit of thinking causally. Thinking causally is a great thing, since without causal thinking we would not function well in everyday life. Causality is often referred to by Hume as the â€Å"cement of the universe.† Our judgment of causality are influenced by three different factors such as constant conjunction and contiguity. Constant conjunction causality is explained In a way in which humans see events happen in a cause and effect form. If I see one ball collide with another ball, then that result will probably happen every time. Cont iguity is explained as two things being close to one another in both space and time. Therefore, causality does not belong in what we see, but in our minds. Causality is not a real feature of the humanShow MoreRelatedKant And David Hume Views On The Matter1457 Words   |  6 Pagesthat lead to an individual to both reason and feel some sort of emotion. Objectively speaking, there is a no fine line between reasoning and how one feels, however there seems to be a distinct difference between the philosophers Immanuel Kant and David Hume views on the matter. Both are life changing philosophers with very opposing views. One sees the feelings in human nature while the other seems to see nothing but rationality. One can argue both are used but according to these two there is only oneRead MoreDavid Hume Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesDavid Hume Hume, David, 1711-76, Scottish philosoph er and historian. Hume carried the empiricism of John Locke and George Berkeley to the logical extreme of radical skepticism. He repudiated the possibility of certain knowledge, finding in the mind nothing but a series of sensations, and held that cause-and-effect in the natural world derives solely from the conjunction ofRead MoreWilliam Of Ockham And David Hume931 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinating parallels between William of Ockham and David Hume, highlighting for example, the Regularist View of Causality. Answer: David Hume William of Ockham Hume did not deny causation. He embraced it. But he did say that empirical methods could not logically prove its necessity, as observations only show a constant conjunction of events, a regular succession of A followed by B, which leads the mind to the inference of cause and effect. For Hume, causality is something humans naturally believeRead MoreEssay about Of Miracles by David Hume936 Words   |  4 PagesOf Miracles by David Hume In David Hume?s paper ?Of Miracles,? Hume presents a various number of arguments concerning why people ought not to believe in any miracles. Hume does not think that miracles do not exist it is just that we should not believe in them because they have no rational background. One of his arguments is just by definition miracles are unbelievable. And have no rational means in believing miracles. Another argument is that most miracles tend to come from uncivilizedRead MoreDavid Hume And Renee Descartes s Theories Of Knowledge And Ideas1356 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophers David Hume and Renee Descartes have opposing views about the origination of ideas. Hume claims that all ideas are copies of impressions, which come from sensation. Descartes disagrees with this, arguing that in order to obtain knowledge, there must be a rational method for obtaining it, and that the senses are not a reliable source. This essay will present both philosopher’s arguments and compare and contra st each perspective regarding matters of knowledge and ideas. I will then argueRead MoreInto The Woods By Stephen Sondheim Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesplay, decisions that play a very important role throughout the play and the field of ethics. In fact, philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and David Hume– philosophers that extensibly contributed with ethical views regarding respect and dignity– may agree or disagree with the ethical decisions taken by the characters on specific instances. In fact, Kant and Hume have developed a set of views that determine what is right and wrong; very useful to decide whether or not the Baker’s decisions are ethicallyRead MoreInternational Relations ( Ir )983 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the fascinating fields of political science that different ancient and modern philosophers have written about. When reading for David Hume or Renà © Descartes, I have found many ideas that could be applicable to global politics and the relati ons between states. Even though these ideas might not be aligned with Hume or Descartes’s individual political philosophies, they are worth applying to the current global political system. The first idea is Descartes’s doubting of everything and anything aroundRead MoreWilliam Paley And David Hume1260 Words   |  6 Pageswill focus on the differing works of authors William Paley and David Hume and I will argue that there is an Intelligent Designer for our universe. William Paley believes in the existence of God and that through his watchmaker analogy in â€Å"Natural Theology† he can prove that there is an Intelligent Designer. David Hume addresses William Paley’s argument in â€Å"Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion† and argues Paley’s analogy is weak since Hume believes we cannot analogize earthly things from things we cannotRead MoreStructuralism : Social Science And Humanities1073 Words   |  5 PagesStructuralism is segment of social science and humanities. It focuses on recurring patterns of though and behavior. Psychology intergrades with philosophy in many ways. With the ideas and concept brought into play by British Empiricist from the 1600’s it open the gates to psychologist and their experimental minds such as the â€Å"father of psychology† Wilhelm Wundt. By the 1800’s E.B. Titchener created his perspectives on structuralism. He focused on human elements on conscious experience. Titchener primarilyRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Philosophy On The Morality And Ethical Nature Of The Subject1507 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough the lens of different philosophical ideologies will show a variety of differing opinions on the morality or ethical nature of the subject. Cloning can be viewed a few different ways based on the teachings in philosophy one follows. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a branch of philosophy, which bases its understanding of right action on consequences. More precisely, an act is considered right if it creates the most happiness (pleasure), and the least pain, for the greatest number of people affected

Violence Among Youth - 3553 Words

Introduction Indians aspire for their country to be a large, rapidly growing economy, and also to be respected as a great nation. In India, 480 million are less than 19 years old. India has 20% of the world’s children. [1] The recent years have seen an unprecedented increase in youth violence, often lethal violence, all around the nation. Anecdotal evidence of increase in violence by young people against women and old people, of road rage, of violence in schools, and other violent actions to get whatever they want is alarming. This epidemic, as many social analysts called it, caused serious concern to both parents and experts who believed their communities were no longer safe and that there was little or nothing they could do to change†¦show more content†¦Gabardine reached the following four conclusions:- 1. Children need to believe that adults are in charge and are able and willing to protect them. Violent boys often have lost confidence in adults and concluded that they must take their safety into their own hands. 2. Children need to believe that somebody in the world is crazy about them. Boys are drawn into world that values accomplishments, but they need to have someone who cares about them, no matte what. Resiliency may be undermined if caring is lacking. A lack of caring also contributes to spiritual emptiness that is typical in violent boys. Without a connection to a loving presence in the world, these boys may lack the sense that life is worthwhile and has meaning. †¢ The dark side of our culture may rush in to fill la spiritual void. †¢ A boy who lacks positive meaning in his life has nothing to fall back on in times of trouble. †¢ A spiritual foundation creates limits. A spiritually empty boy doesn’t grasp the Unacceptability of an unlimited response. 3. While we can agree that all children need healthy environments for optimal growth, psychologically vulnerable children particularly need a less socially toxic place to grow. Research indicates that the following social toxins affect aggressive boys more than other children: †¢ violence in the movies, television, and video games; †¢ large high schools have negative effects especially on students whose grades are below Average. †¢ drugs and guns. 4. Children needShow MoreRelatedViolence Among Youths2563 Words   |  11 PagesRecently, an increasing number of North American youth are committing violent crimes. Although the consequences of these violent crimes are easily apparent, the causes behind them are often abstract and obscure, making it difficult to pin blame on a single source. Moreover, this deviant behaviour among young people can be attributed to a combination of several generalized factors. Leading contributing factors of youth violence include the media, the influence of family life, widespread abuse ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Youth Violence Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Violence is everywhere and due to this notion people find ways to accept it. Violence is part of the national mythology. Meaning violence is a social construction. Violent acts cannot be wholly understood unless we examine them as but one â€Å"one link in the chain of a long process of events† (Schmidt Schrà ¶der 2001, 7). Violence and the responses to it are socially constructed, they are phenomena viewed and interpreted in many different ways. For example, individuals become a productRead MoreViolence in Youth1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Youth violence is defined as violent behaviour that begins early in life and continues throughout subsequent stages of life. Youth violence may include physical and emotional harm, and minor crimes, escalating to murder (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Youth are recognized as being between the ages of twelve and twenty-four however, teens are the most affected by violence than any other group of youths as they are habitually perceived as the most violent age groupRead MoreLife Of A Gang : Youth853 Words   |  4 PagesLife in a Gang Youth are exposed to gang life at an early age, sometimes as early as 10 or 11 years old. Observing older and respected gang members can often lead to impressions among youth that lead them to believe gang life is the way to gain access to things such as status, money and prestige. Research states that older more established gang members will utilize youth to their advantage by having them steal for the gang, buy and sell drugs, carry weapons and commit other crimes in hopes to evadeRead MoreYouth Violence And Its Effect On Children1637 Words   |  7 PagesSince the year 2000, youth violence has been one of the biggest concerns in almost every community. In my research I decided to evaluate the study of youth violence. Youth violence is said to start since the early days of childhood and lead onto the teenage years of a child. When talking about youth violence, the child may not only be an offender but they can be a victim of violence as well. Bullying, punching, slapping, kickin g, teasing, and verbal abuse are all behaviors and forms of mistreatmentRead MoreProblems and Solutions to Violence in Schools Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesViolence is a very important issue that is coming to the front in todays school systems. School violence is a `complex social policy problem and is considered very complicated and hard to define. My paper is on school violence and the methods in which the government and schools can provide support and/or programs to help stem the recent rash of incidents. These steps include: use of `less violent materials, peer mediation interventions, police presence and action, individualizing of the troublemaker(s)Read MoreMedia Influences our Children1181 Words   |  5 PagesMedia Effect on Today’s Youth Media plays a strong hand in the development of a child in society. Youth are easily influenced and could think actions of unsavory morals are appropriate because it was in media. This is a major problem today as the news make reports of children intentionally committing crimes as big as murder. Children are experimenting with drugs and alcohol at an earlier age and there is even a show dedicated to teen moms on MTV. Of course, media is not the only force at fault hereRead MoreA Study On The Theory Of Teen Dating Abuse By Using A Phenomenological Inquiry942 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience of youth that has experienced dating violence. To grasp the essence of their experiences I will conduct interviews with adolescent survivors of dating violence, allowing them to tell their story and explain their experiences from their personal point of view. The statements and descriptions of those experiences will define the essence of the phenomenon. (Taken from Tranell Steward Initial discussio n wk 3). Problem Recent literature suggests there is little known about dating violence among youthRead MoreMedia Violence and Its Effect on Children Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pages There is a strong agreement among American society that violence in the country is on the rise. It is easy to see why this is a strong argument among the American people, especially because of the rising popularity of violent video games and television programs. However, as these violent video games and television shows are creating their own place in our society, the reports of violence among children are escalating. This correlation has been studied extensively in the scientific community inRead MoreThe Rate For Youth Committing Extremely Violent Crime1140 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough the rate for youth committing extremely violent crimes have been low, it is still a disturbing deed that happens in Canada. Violent crimes are described by the Province of Ontario as: â€Å"...a composite measure that includes homicid e, attempted homicide, assaults, sexual assaults and robbery.† (Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services, 2013). There are many different reasons why these type of crimes could occur before adulthood. Some factors that could cause this type of behaviour are:

Does Foreign Aid Do More Harm Than free essay sample

Good? Essay, Research Paper The dictionary definition of the term # 8216 ; foreign assistance # 8217 ; is: # 8220 ; The administered transportation of resources from the advanced states for the intent of promoting economic growing in developing countries. # 8221 ; [ Bannock:1988 P.164 ] However, so as non to confound foreign assistance with the investings of transnational corporations or commercial Bankss, many economic experts require foreign assistance to run into two distinguishable standards: 1 ) Its nonsubjective must be noncommercial from the point of position of the giver and 2 ) it should be characterized by concessional footings. There are many ways and agencies of reassigning resources to LDC # 8217 ; s ( Less Developed Countries ) : Multilaterally, as with the many international bureaus such as the World Bank or assorted sections of the United Nations. Bilaterally, which is an understanding between two states for a specific sum or point of assistance. Direct nutrient assistance, or, the granting of discriminatory duties by developed states to Third World exports of manufactured goods. However, the rating of the effects and intents of foreign assistance has become a subjective and value-laden minefield, with many observers merely picking out the facts which suit their peculiar ideological position. In this essay we will measure how the different signifiers of foreign assistance affect LDC # 8217 ; s, examine the opposing theories of dependence and modernisation in relation to development aid, and eventually, inquiry whether the current signifiers of foreign assistance are maximising their public-service corporation. With the Marshall Plan and the dramatic European recovery still fresh in every politicians heads, the thought of foreign assistance began to be attractive to both giver and receiver during the 1950 # 8217 ; s. In this decennary the ex-colonies began to ralize merely how dependent they still were on the former imperial powers. The USA, plus the major European states believed that supplying foreign assistance would non merely let a step of go oning con trol over their former charges, but besides help incorporate the menace of communism. It was in these fortunes, with no uncertainty big sums of selflessness and high hopes for stoping poorness, ignorance and disease, that the assistance merry-go-round began. Figures kept between 1960 and 1986 show that ODA ( Official Development Assistance ) has increased from an one-year rate of $ 4.6 billion in 1960 to more than $ 37 billion in 1986. These figures include bilateral/multilateral grants, loans, nutrient and proficient aid. The statistics, nevertheless, are misdirecting as in existent footings there has been a steady diminution since 1960 in the existent per centum of developed state GNP # 8217 ; s ( Gross National Product ) devoted to ODA, from an overall per centum of 0.51 % in 1960 to 0.36 % in 1986. The United Nations recommends a lower limit of 0.7 % of GNP from developed states towards ODA. In a recent survey of parts to ODA by developed states merely five of the 18 studied ma naged to make and go through this figure. They were, in order of ranking: Norway ( 1.03 % ) , Netherlands ( 0.91 % ) , Sweden ( 0.86 % ) , Denmark ( 0.80 % ) and France ( 0.78 % ) . The United Kingdom was twelth with 0.34 % of GNP devoted to development aid of all signifiers, while the USA came underside of the tabular array with 0.24 % of GNP traveling towards foreign assistance. However, besides Japan, the USA remains the largest giver in existent footings with parts numbering 24 % of all ODA. [ Beginning: Todaro, P.483 ) As pointed out earlier foreign assistance takes many signifiers and constituted approximately one tierce of all capital flows to the LDC s during the 1980 s, the other two tierces dwelling of private bank loans and investing by transnational companies. We will now look at the different signifiers of development aid available to the LDC s. BILATERAL AID Bilateral assistance is the direct transportation of specific resources or money between two states. Many of the industrialised states in the West have their ain functionary development bureaus, the largest being the United States AID ( Agency for International Development ) UK assistance is administered by the Overseas Development Administration. Bilateral assistance is seldom an straight-out grant of money, it is normally a low involvement loan. However, in the bulk of instances it is a tied loan , this means that the receiver of the loan is required to buy goods and services from the donor state. For illustration: the British Overseas Development Administration may make up ones mind to widen a trussed loan to the authorities of Ghana for the building of a steel factory. Under the footings of the understanding the Ghanaian authorities will hold to purchase all the stuffs and proficient aid for the building of the undertaking from British maker s. In the words of a former British curate for abroad development trade follows assistance . MULTILATERAL AID Most many-sided assistance is channel led through the World Bank, the IMF and assorted bureaus of the United Nations. ( The IMF is something of a misnomer here as its loans are seldom concessional, but it is still regarded as an of import adjunct of development. ) The two chief bureaus, the World Bank and the IMF, claim that their international position makes them wholly nonsubjective and so enables them to do value free determinations on the distribution of ODA. Their declared purpose is to advance and implement economic policies favorable to development. To this terminal, particularly during the 1960 s and 70 s, many of the their loaning policies were directed towards the economic substructure of a state, such as the development of conveyance, communications and power systems. Predating and following the publication of the Brandt Report ( 1980 ) there was a noticeable displacement, particularly by the World Bank, in policies associating to development aid. The purpose was to airt the accent of international assistance off from capital intensive undertakings in order to assist the rural and urban hapless. To this terminal a higher proportion of World Bank financess was spent on agribusiness, instruction, wellness and the proviso of proficient aid. The IMF and the World Bank are held in great esteem by private loaning establishments and have been referred to as the police of development . Other official and private loaners tend to impart or non ot lend harmonizing to whether the authorities in inquiry has the blessing of these two bureaus. This gives them a great sum of purchase when negociating economic policy determinations with developing states. FOOD AID AND FAVOURABLE TARIFFS The United States AID ( Agency for International Development ) , through its Food for Peace programmes, is the chief purveyor of the direct export of nutrient to developing states. This policy has been criticized in certain quarters as some observers believe that it creates a dependence civilization, distorts the local markets and provides a disincentive to agricultural programmes for greater autonomy. Another facet of nutrient assistance is the green revolution where intercrossed strains of nutrient harvests have been developed by some western states so that the cereals would turn faster and be more productive. Duty: The last signifier of assistance, and the least used, is the pattern of allowing discriminatory duties to LDC s, this enables Third World maker s to sell their merchandises in developed state markets at higher monetary values than would otherwise hold been possible. This pattern represents a net addition for LDC s and a net loss for developed states, nevertheless, this is a pattern which is seldom used. Before traveling on to critically analyze the motivations and effects of the Western assistance programmes, in relation to thedependency and mordenization theories, we will briefly sum up the the signifiers of ODA available to freshly industrialising states ( NIC s ) and the LDC s. All developed western states have bureaus for overseasassistance, these bureaus enter into understandings with LDC s, normally based on a tied-loan strategy. Multilateral bureaus are funded by developed states and involve themselves in big graduated table programmes and funding operations frequently motivating important changes in the economic policy and construction of the recipient state. Food assistance is the direct cargo of nutrient to severely developing states, the European Community and the United States are major participants in these strategies. Discriminatory duties on manufactured goods are highly good to LDC s but seldom used. The OPEC ( Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) group of states besides participate in ODA, but on purely bilateral lines. As the OPEC states have no important industrial or agricultural base, their aid takes the signifier of direct hard currency loans or grants and is normally limited to the less developed states of the Arab universe. Equally good as the many national and international bureaus for the proviso of foreign assistance there are a figure charitable organisations which provide alleviation and proficient aid throughout the Third World. All of these bureaus are the chief channel for the transportation and distribution of economic resources to the less developed states of the universe. The raison detre of ODA is to ease economic growing by supplementing investing chances and get the better ofing restrictive constrictions in the domestic economic system. In macroeconomic footings foreign assistance performs two maps: it adds to resources available for investing and it augments the supply of foreign exchange to finance imports. [ Eatwell:1987 P.140 ] In this following subdivision we will analyze two diametrically opposed sentiments which come out steadfastly against foreign assistance, albeit for wholly different grounds. The first is championed by Professor Bauer, who believes that ODA distorts the domes tic market, while the 2nd sentiment is a merchandise of the dependence school and argued instead articulately by Teresa Hayter. Professor Bauer was the earliest and most fierce critic of development assistance. His hypotheses refutes the recognized impression that comprehensive cardinal planning, plus significant sums of ODA, could interrupt the barbarous circle of poorness, low nest eggs and low investing and therefore establish a state into sustained economic growing. Bauer points to the fact that virtually all of the industrialised states have achieved prosperity without cardinal planning or foreign assistance and that given stable economic and political conditions, even really hapless states could bring forth productive nest eggs and investing chances. Basically Bauer is an advocator of supply-side economic sciences, and strongly believes that assistance inhibits growing while strenghtening the authoritiess control over the economic system, necessarily taking to premature indust rialisation behind high trade barriers and advancing caustic influences in political and economic life. Here is a characteristic statement of Bauer # 8217 ; s place: # 8220 ; Foreign assistance # 8230 ; can non appreciably advance the growing of national income. It promotes the black politicisation of life in the Third World. Peoples divert their resources and attending ( because of assistance ) from productive economic activities into other countries , such as trying to forecast political developments, placating or bribing politicians and civil servants, and operating or evading controls.† [Mosley:1987 P.241] However, one could suggest that Professor Bauer was merely pickingout certain facts to support his own ideological viewpoint. There are many instances of governments becoming heavily involved in the running of the economy, often with great success: Costa Rica, Brazil, Taiwan and South Korea to name but a few. Certainly, some aid programmes have crowded out domestic investment, raised internal prices and distorted the labour market to the detriment of the local producers, but the long-term benefits of, for example, a road-building programme, could be construed as outweighing its short-term costs. There is also the point that private investors, whether domestic or foreign, would not want to get involved in many of the public programmes that are funded by ODA, and that governments in the very poor countries could not af ford to borrow on commercial terms to fund these projects. Finally, Bauer’s assertion that foreign aid stifles local entrepreneur’s and leads to the corruption and centralization of political life is a claim that is difficult to substantiate with any hard empirical evidence. Indeed, both India and Bangladesh, who were recipients of substantial amounts of foreign aid during the 1970’s, actually privatized parts of their industrial sector, liberalized controls on foreign trade and dismantled some marketing boards. To sum up, Bauer believes that all foreign aid is simply the avoided ‘cost of borrowing’ which leads to essentially unproductive, inefficient practices, and displaced social goals. The modernization process is disrupted by the suppression of the informal economy, the curtailment of import-substitution and the general fostering of a social and political atmosphere in which ODA discourages domestic entrepreneurship. However, Bauer’s vie w is essentially narrow, and does not take into account the benefits accrued from foreign aid inputs into education, health, social welfare and general infrastructure programmes, which the private sector cannot supply. Thereby leaving a government with limited financial resources no other option but to seek help from abroad in order to develop its domestic economy. Therefore, we can conclude that ODA, according to Professor’s Bauer’s criteria, is more positive than negative. While the modernization theories highlight the adverse effects of foreign aid from a domestic, microeconomic perspective, Hayter and other dependency theorists believe that ODA is used on a global scale to advance the interests of the core industrialized nations at the expense of the periphery. Hayter’s view is that foreign aid is given by donor countries because it is in their political, strategic or economic interest to do so. Ever since the 1950’s American economic and military aid has flitted all over the globe, contriving to prop up shaky and often brutal regimes in an attempt to halt the threat of communist expansion. The Soviet Union and China have also indulged in these political/strategic practices as to a lesser extent have France and Britain. Aid is seen as a means of punishing enemies, rewarding friends and enticing non-committal governments into the Western fold. However, it is the economic justifications of providing aid to the Third World which take on the most sinister motives. The bi-lateral loan-tied schemes, which are the most common form of aid between a developed and undeveloped nation, are viewed primarily as a means of opening up new markets and/or selling otherwise uncompetitive products. Once a recipient nation has imported a piece of capital equipment, which may well be inappropriate to its needs, it will invariably need continued technical assistance and spare-parts from the original donor. Furthermore, aid can be used as a means to su pport uncompetitive tendering from a foreign firm in the domestic market of an LDC, where otherwise the materials and skills would have been provided by local sources. Evidence for this was provided when Bharat Heavy Electrical (BHEL), India’s state-owned power station contractor, was overtaken by GEC due to the fact that the UK Government subsidized GEC’s bid with a grant of money. [Source: Hayter 1990 P.242] Likewise, the policies pursued by the World Bank, of installing economic infrastructures such as transport, communictaions and power systems, could be cynically viewed as being necessary for the profitable operation of a multinational taking advantage of cheap labour, or foreign mining companies and agribusinesses exploiting natural resources. It would seem,therefore, that â€Å"the export of capital thus becomes a means for encouraging the export of commodities.† [Hayter:1981 P.73] The structural adjustment loans provided by the multilateral agencies are seen as an attempt to lock the developing countries into the world-wide capitalist system and ensure their markets remain open to exports of manufactured goods, while inhibiting nascent industrial bases which would benefit from some measure of tariff protection. To sum up, the theories put forward by Hayter are nothing short of a global conspiracy theory. The industrialized countries, through their own aid programmes and the multilateral agencies, help to maintain a world economic and political order which is subordinate and necessary to their own survival. Through the judicious dispersal of aid money, Third World elites are kept in power who can pursue, or are forced to pursue, policies favourable to the West. Even development assistance which has contributed to the rise in health care, education and social welfare, is seen as an attempt to quell local unrest and halt any undue movement towards a revolutionary socialist government which would nationalise the factors of production. However, it is difficult to see how these aims are ultimately to benefit the industrialized nations. The declining prices of commodities, in relation to manufactures, will eventually kill the ‘goose who lays the golden egg’. Many LDC’s can also choose from a plethora of donor nations, each eager to gain a foothold in the recipient’s country. Due to fungibility, and the Byzantine workings of Third World bureaucracies, the multilateral agencies find it almost impossible to dictate the exact destination and outcome of their investments. In fact, as long as the LDC’s agree in principle to the demands of the World Bank, or the IMF, they have great freedom in how they spend the aid and run their public sector’s. This, of course, is not an indication of whether the aid does more harm than good, it is more an indication that foreign aid cannot be used solely to further the interests of the industrialized nations to the detriment of the recipients. Th erefore, we can reject the supposition that ODA is simply a form of neo-colonialism, designed to perpetuate the dependency of the former colonies within the capitalist-imperialist system. Rather, it has become a transfer of resources which serves many aims and many masters, which inevitably detracts from its utility. In this essay we have examined two arguments which come out firmly against foreign aid. Professor Bauer believes that ODA creates a dependency culture which disrupts the natural modernization processes, and so hinders an economies ability to compete effectively in the world market. While Teresa Hayter argues that the foreign aid is just one weapon in the armoury of the advanced nations used to continue the dependency relationship, which can only be ended by the LDC’s removing themselves from the capitalist system. These theories have evolved from the many criticisms levelled at foreign aid since its inception during the 1950’s. Development assistance has b een accused of solving old problems only to create new difficulties in their place. For instance: Policies of industrialization appeared to succeed in boosting industrial output, but did so by increasing capital intensity which gave rise to intolerable unemployment rates. The so called ‘green revolution’ increased agricultural output but at the cost of the small peasant farmer, who was forced off his land and so created more unemployment and poverty and fuelled the stream of rural migration into the cities. The transfer and proliferation of inappropriate technology led to a constant demand for spare-parts and also added to the LDC’s energy requirements. The projects, equipment and loans granted bilaterally also reflected the conflict of interest on the part of the donor, who wanted to assist the recipients economic growth while achieving objectives of foreign and commercial policy. While the programmes offered by the multilateral agencies often rested on the asum ption that â€Å"western systems can be grown in, or imposed upon, any culture and that the effective transfer of wealth from North to South requires little more than a bank operation.† [May:1981 P.194/198] Undoubtedly, the ‘backwash’ effects of certain foreign aid programmes and projects have damaged, or even retarded, some sectors and economies in the developing world. But, to use a medical analogy, because a patient doesn’t respond to a certain remedy, a doctor will not just stop the treatment. He will look around, try different cures, until something does work.Therefore, the greatest strength of ODA, and the bestreason for its retention, is the ability of its administrators tolearn from their mistakes and mould policy accordingly. This abilitywas highlighted by the Pearson and the Brandt Reports, which recognized that the existing policies of capital intensive economic growth were creating more problems than they solved. Thus the emphasis changed and p olicies were adopted to increase employment opportunities and to secure greater equity through the distribution of income. The value of foreign aid has also been damaged by the expectations and claims of its adherents; ODA is not, and never can be, a universal panacea for developmental problems, it can only be part of a much wider process. A process which seems to have succeeded in many parts of Asia and Latin America but yet to have much impact in Africa. Finally, how do we assess whether foreign aid has ‘done more harm than good’ in the Third World; to do so we would have to accept an all-embracing set of values and goals. This is extremely difficult, as there are as many reasons for giving and accepting foreign aid, as there are academics willing to interpret the motives and consequences against their own ideological yardstick. To sum up therefore, it is best to retain a minimalist and objective perspective. â€Å"Stripped to its bare essentials, the case for develo pment aid is that it increases growth rates in some developing counries, improves the living standards of some poor people, and offers the propect of doing better in the future on both counts. That is all.†

Khan Jr. V. Simbillo Essay Example

Khan Jr. V. Simbillo Essay KHAN, JR. V SIMBILLO YNARES-SANTIAGO; August 19, 2003 (apple maramba) NATURE ADMINISTRATIVE MATTER in the Supreme Court and SPECIAL CIVIL ACTION in the Supreme Court. Certiorari. FACTS Atty. Rizalino Simbillo publicized his legal services in the July 5, 2000 issue of the Philippine Daily Inquirer via a paid advertisement which read: â€Å"Annulment of Marriage Specialist 532-4333/521-2667. † A staff member of the Public Information Office of the Supreme Court took notice and called the number posing as an interested party. She spoke to Mrs. Simbillo, who said that her husband was an expert in handling annulment cases and can guarantee a court decree within four to six months, and that the fee was P48,000. Further research by the Office of the Court Administrator and the Public Information Office revealed that similar ads were published in the August 2 and 6, 2000 issues of the Manila Bulletin and August 5, 2000 issue of the Philippine Star. Atty. Ismael Khan, Jr. , in his capacity as Assistant Court Administrator and Chief of the Public Information Office filed an administrative complaint against Atty. Simbillo for improper advertising and solicitation in violation of Rule 2. 03 and Rule 3. 01 of the Code of Professional Responsibility and Rule 138, Section 27 of the Rules of Court. The case was referred to the IBP for investigation, report and recommendation. IBP found respondent guilty Respondent filed an Urgent Motion for Reconsideration, which was denied Hence, this petition for certiorari ISSUE WON Atty. Rizalino Simbillo is guilty of violating Rule 2. 03 and Rule 3. 1 of the Code of Professional Responsibility and Rule 138, Section 27 of the Rules of Court HELD Yes. Petitioner was suspended from the practice of law for one year and was sternly warned that a repetition of the same or similar offense will be dealt with more severely. Ratio The practice of law is not a business. It is a profession in which duty to public service, not money is the primary consideration. Reasoning Rule 2. 03 A lawyer shall not do or permit to be done any act designed primarily to solicit leg al business. Rule 3. 1 A lawyer shall not use or permit the use of any false, fraudulent, misleading, deceptive, undignified, selflaudatory or unfair statement or claim regarding his qualifications or legal services. Rule 138, Sec 27 of the Rules of Court states: Disbarment and suspension of attorneys by Supreme Court, grounds therefore. — A member of the bar may be disbarred or suspended from his office as attorney by the Supreme Court for any deceit, malpractice, or other gross misconduct in such office, grossly immoral conduct or by reason of his conviction of a crime nvolving moral turpitude, or for any violation of the oath which he is required to take before the admission to practice, or for a willful disobedience appearing as attorney for a party without authority to do so. The following elements distinguish legal profession from business: 1. A duty of public service 2. A relation as an â€Å"officer of the court† to the administration of justice involving t horough sincerity, integrity and reliability 3. A relation to clients in the highest degree of fiduciary 4. A relation to colleagues at the bar characterized by candor, fairness, and unwillingness to esort to current business methods of advertising and encroachment on their practice, or dealing directly with their clients. Respondent advertised himself as an â€Å"Annulment Specialist,† and by this he undermined the stability and sanctity of marriage —encouraging people who might have otherwise been disinclined and would have refrained form dissolving their marriage bonds, to do so. Solicitation of legal business sis not altogether proscribed, however, for solicitation to be proper, it must be compatible with the dignity of the legal profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Khan Jr. V. Simbillo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Khan Jr. V. Simbillo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Khan Jr. V. Simbillo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer